What is the cardiac output when a patient has a heart rate of 80 beats/min and an end diastolic volume of 80 mL with an end systolic volume of 120 mL?

To determine the cardiac output, it is necessary to first calculate the stroke volume (SV), which is the amount of blood ejected by the heart in one contraction. The stroke volume can be calculated using the formula:

[ \text{Stroke Volume} = \text{End Diastolic Volume} - \text{End Systolic Volume} ]

In this case, the end diastolic volume (EDV) is 80 mL, and the end systolic volume (ESV) is 120 mL. Plugging in these values:

[ \text{Stroke Volume} = 80, \text{mL} - 120, \text{mL} = -40, \text{mL} ]

It seems there might be a misunderstanding regarding the values of end diastolic volume and end systolic volume, as typically, the end diastolic volume should be greater than the end systolic volume. A negative stroke volume indicates an input error, as it is physiologically impossible to have a negative volume during normal heart function.

However, if we assume the typical values were stated correctly and we need to calculate the cardiac output, we will need to adjust the values or follow proper